Transmembrane kinase 1-mediated auxin signal regulates membrane-associated clathrin in Arabidopsis roots

Clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME) is the major endocytic pathway in eukaryotic cells that directly regulates abundance of plasma membrane proteins. Clathrin triskelia are composed of clathrin heavy chains (CHCs) and light chains (CLCs), and the phytohormone auxin differentially regulates membrane-associated CLCs and CHCs, modulating the endocytosis and therefore the distribution of auxin efflux transporter PIN-FORMED2 (PIN2). However, the molecular mechanisms by which auxin regulates clathrin are still poorly understood. Transmembrane kinase (TMKs) family proteins are considered to contribute to auxin signaling and plant development; it remains unclear whether they are involved in PIN transport by CME. We assessed TMKs involvement in the regulation of clathrin by auxin, using genetic, pharmacological, and cytological approaches including live-cell imaging and immunofluorescence. In tmk1 mutant seedlings, auxin failed to rapidly regulate abundance of both CHC and CLC and to inhibit PIN2 endocytosis, leading to an impaired asymmetric distribution of PIN2 and therefore auxin. Furthermore, TMK3 and TMK4 were shown not to be involved in regulation of clathrin by auxin. In summary, TMK1 is essential for auxin-regulated clathrin recruitment and CME. TMK1 therefore plays a critical role in the establishment of an asymmetric distribution of PIN2 and an auxin gradient during root gravitropism.     

PAC对谷子花后土壤氮素供应和叶片抗氧化特性的影响

全基施肥方式会造成作物全生育期内营养供应失衡, 导致生育后期缺氮早衰。为探究聚天门冬氨酸和壳聚糖复配剂(PAC)保障谷子(Setaria italica)花后氮素供应和调控叶片抗氧化特性的机制, 建立全基施肥背景下东北春谷防衰增产的生产技术, 于2020-2021年在中国农业科学院作物科学研究所公主岭试验站开展大田试验, 以谷子品种张杂谷13号和华优谷9号为材料, 设置常规氮素(CN)和PAC配合氮素(PN) 6个氮素水平(0、75、112.5、150、225和337.5 kg·hm^-2)播种前进行全基施肥处理。结果表明, 与常规氮肥处理相比, 相同施氮量下, PAC处理后, 两品种谷子花期和灌浆中期0-20 cm和20-40 cm土层土壤硝态氮和铵态氮含量升高, 花后叶面积显著增大, 叶面积降幅减小; 花后0-40天旗叶超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化物酶及过氧化氢酶活性升高, 丙二醛含量降低。因此, PAC有效保障了谷子生育中、后期土壤氮素的供应, 提高了叶片抗氧化能力, 延缓了叶片衰老进程, 进而提高产量。2020年和2021年Z13的增产幅度分别为11.24%-21.55%和8.65%- 14.22%, H9的增产幅度分别为5.53%-15.75%和10.43%-16.17%。上述调控效应在低氮和中氮水平(75、112.5和150 kg·hm^-2)下更为显著。综上, PAC配合氮肥全基施可作为一项防衰增产的栽培技术应用于我国东北春谷区。     

褪黑素对盐胁迫下普通菜豆芽期核酸修复的调控机制

普通菜豆(Phaseolus vulgaris)是重要的食用豆作物, 然而其极易受盐胁迫危害, 导致产量下降。褪黑素能提高植物耐盐能力。为探明外源褪黑素调控普通菜豆耐盐能力的机制, 以普通菜豆品种奶花芸豆(GZ-YD014)为实验材料, 设置水(W, 对照)、盐胁迫(S)和盐胁迫+100 µmol∙L^-1褪黑素(M+S) 3个处理。结果发现, 盐胁迫抑制了普通菜豆胚根的生长, 使其长度、表面积、体积以及直径显著降低, 外源褪黑素可缓解盐胁迫对普通菜豆胚根生长的抑制。外施褪黑素显著降低盐胁迫下活性氧积累和丙二醛(MDA)含量, 提高保护酶(过氧化物酶、超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化氢酶以及抗坏血酸过氧化物酶)活性, 增加渗透调节物质(可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白)以及生长素(IAA)、赤霉素(GA)和玉米素(ZT)的含量, 降低脱落酸(ABA)含量。通过转录组分析挖掘出217个差异表达基因(DEGs), DEGs在GO富集中显著(P-value<0.05)富集到核酸相关条目上, 在KEGG富集中显著(P-value<0.05)富集到核酸损伤修复(包括碱基切除修复、错配修复以及核苷酸切除修复)通路。qRT-PCR以及RAPD分析结果表明, 核酸损伤修复通路为外源褪黑素调控普通菜豆耐盐能力的一种机制。该研究揭示了外源褪黑素对普通菜豆芽期耐盐能力的调控机制, 可为褪黑素应用于盐胁迫下普通菜豆增产提供理论依据。     

Factors Affecting Plant Regeneration from Tissue Cultures of Chinese Leymus (Leymus chinensis)

Chinese leymus (Leymus chinensis Trin.) is a perennial grass of the Gramineae, which is widely distributed in China, Mongolia and in Russian-Siberian. In order to explore the potential of biotechnology for genetic improvement of this forage grass, an efficient tissue culture system was established and the factors affecting plant regeneration were evaluated. Immature inflorescence segments 3–5 mm in length from eight accessions were cultured on N6 medium supplemented with 2.26–22.60 µM 2,4-D. The callus induction frequency ranged from 72.11 to 82.19%. Shoots were differentiated from the calli on N6 medium containing 4.65 µM kinetin and 4.44 µM BA. Viable regenerants were developed on hormone-free medium. Normal plants were obtained after natural vernalization in the field. The plant regeneration frequency in Chinese leymus was associated with different genotypes and different combinations of growth regulators in medium. The concentration of 2,4-D in the callus induction medium had a strong effect on successive plant regeneration. Relatively higher concentrations of 2,4-D (i.e., 9.04 and 22.60 µM) were more favorable to the plant regeneration than lower ones (i.e., 2.26 and 4.52 µM). This is the first report on plant regeneration in vitro in L. chinensis.     

抗旱性不同的两个大豆品种对外源H_2O_2的响应

两个品种的大豆叶圆片经１０－４ｍｏｌ／Ｌ和１０－３ｍｏｌ／Ｌ的Ｈ２Ｏ２处理１２ｈ后,超氧物歧化酶（ＳＯＤ）、过氧化氢酶（ＣＡＴ）与谷胱甘肽还原酶（ＧＲ）活性明显增加,但１０－２ｍｏｌ／Ｌ的Ｈ２Ｏ２处理却使这些酶活性降低。抗旱性较强的大豆品种小粒豆１号较抗旱性较弱的鲁豆４号能维持较高的叶绿素含量和较高的ＳＯＤ、ＣＡＴ及ＧＲ活性,对Ｈ２Ｏ２的抗性较强。５０μｍｏｌ／Ｌ的亚胺环已酮（ＣＨＭ）能消除Ｈ２Ｏ２对ＳＯＤ、ＣＡＴ与ＧＲ活性的刺激作用,而同样浓度的放线菌素Ｄ（ＡＭＤ）则不能。     

红原鸡与家鸡的亲缘关系研究

对中国红原鸡滇地亚种和海南亚种与我国茶花鸡,泰和鸡和寿光鸡等地方鸡种以及芦花鸡,洛岛红等外国鸡种进行了血型（３个位点,１３个等位基因）,蛋白质（酶）多态（５个位点,１１个等位基因）和ＤＮＡ指纹分析,结果表明,红原鸡与茶花鸡（原始型品种）的亲缘关系较近;与泰和鸡,寿光鸡,芦花鸡,洛岛红（进化型品种）的亲缘关系较远,呈红原鸡－茶花鸡－泰和鸡,寿光鸡或芦花鸡,洛岛红这样一个进化阶梯,以上结果与国外资料（